Foliar spraying with GABA and Glycine Betaine(GB) can significantly alleviate salt stress-induced damage in rice. They synergistically enhance plant salt stress tolerance through the following aspects:

①From Signaling level:

GABA: initiates the expression of genes related to antioxidation and osmoregulation

GB: reinforces the defense state and protects the activity of key enzymes.

②From Metabolic level:

GABA: Reprogramming of carbon and nitrogen metabolism via the GABA shunt provides precursors for protective substances.

GB: maintains enzyme activity and organelle integrity to ensure the stability of the metabolic network.

③About Organelle functions:

GABA: focuses on functional regulation such as ion homeostasis

GB: focuses on structural protection, specifically of the photosynthetic system and cell membranes.

In summary, exogenous application of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine betaine modulates the impact of stress on crops through multiple mechanisms, including activating the antioxidant system, enhancing osmotic adjustment, protecting photosynthesis, and maintaining ion balance.